Considering my experience and what I have been observing in the industry, there seems to be an increasing interest in the idea of Whole Team Quality. The idea itself is not new as far as I know but certainly, there seems to be more awareness and eagerness towards its implementation, lately. 

Why is it needed and how does it help? 

Well, if you are delivering a product as a team, it is natural that everyone who helps build the product is responsible for its quality, or is supposed to be. And for more on this I would urge you to read  another article from me on this topic. 

Where is the problem?

When I tried to figure out how different organisations and teams are going about Whole Team Quality, I realised that asking everyone in the team to test (or asking programmers to test) and automating as much as possible is what they consider Whole Team Quality to be.  

I see several problems with that approach:

1. The key problem in my opinion is confusing Testing with Quality
2. Putting most of the efforts to achieve/improve/assess quality focusing only on the product
3. Caring about quality way later in the process. 
4. Reactive strategy i.e. to address quality concerns and risks after they are found in a product (which is too late and costly to fix usually)
5. Over emphasise and reliance mostly on automated checks that do not discover hidden risks or find new information. These checks only assert the known information. 

Sure I do support the idea of Whole Team Testing to help achieve Whole Team Quality but  how do you go about it makes the big difference.

Over the last four years, I tried different ideas, did experiments in teams for succeeding with Whole Team Quality. I failed but I learned. I continued to try and eventually I would say I succeeded it in. Succeeded in achieving Whole Team Quality in a meaningful way. The way in which risks are found earlier (even before they manifest as a bug in the product) and the Quality is assessed/analysed/addressed/achieved on every level and by every individual in the team.

The solution that is working for us

Based on my experiments and learning, I would like to present the model and framework I have developed and am still experimenting with. It has given me and my team useful results so far and I would encourage you to try it too. 

 The model: QualiTri for three notions of Quality 

Having deep philosophical discussions with Michael Bolton when he peer-reviewed my paper on Whole Team Quality, helped me formulate/conceptualise QualiTri. And this model further guided me to create the framework for its implementation.  

Like I said before, focusing on the Product notion of the quality alone is not enough. To succeed with Whole Team Quality, it is equally important to understand Project and the People notion of quality. They are related and they do affect each other. That said, to deliver a quality product we got to be equally conscious about the project and the people notion of the quality. 

How to implement the 4E structure of QCSD can vary from context to context but below is how we implemented it in our team which has worked great for us so far. 

Going further in detail of the implementation of 4E structure for QCSD framework would require a series of blog posts. It starts with creating awareness, convincing your team for the need of it, considering their inputs, evaluating the project context and creating the workflows/action items together with your team, and then committing for the efforts needed. It's a process that takes time. Plus it is highly subjective from project teams to project teams and their contexts. And hence I would rather stop here for now.  

How do we know it worked?

The Lead Time graph for our team before and during an experimentation phase of QCSD in our team (based on the improvements we did in the processes, consciousness with which all people worked with and keeping quality of the product in mind) reflected the positive impact.

I believe it was the first sprint in a long time, where we as a team finished all the tickets and pulled more, the so-called testing bottle-neck was minimal and the bugs reported that would make into the backlog or warrant some critical rework post-production were negligible. 

Sure, this graph did not remain ideal all the time. Teams change, business contexts change too which affects the overall delivery and quality of the product we end up shipping. But if you know how to go about delivering a quality product by quality-conscious people using quality-empowering processes, I am almost certain you will do way more good than bad. And it's a win in my opinion. 

See if you find it worth the shot. If you would like to borrow my help for consulting/implementing this idea for your team or organisation, it would be my pleasure. Just let me know. ​

Lately, I happened to have an interesting discussion with my colleague Dirk Meißner on whether programmers should have reasonable understanding of testing or not. A lot has been talked and written about how testers need to be great with their technical skills so that they can contribute effectively and remain valuable. Sure, that's helpful and I too insist that it's high time that testers get over with their traditional way of working (and thinking). However, what surprises me is that there is not enough awareness or enough discussions happening around programmers learning to understand testing to amplify their effectiveness.

Does it matter? Why? 

It absolutely does. At least now, if it did not before. "Whole Team Testing" is new cool (again) especially in DevOps contexts. And it has it's own reasons to be that way.

Let me explain. Agile teams typically have one tester dedicatedly looking after testing and related activities in team. This tester is usually busy testing (and automating often) stories for each sprint with primary focus on acceptance criteria. If the tester is "cool kid" then they go over the board and test things beyond acceptance criteria too. Cool! Let's park this thought here for a moment. Okay?

James Bach, in his interesting article "Seven Kinds of Testers“ beautifully explains the key patterns surrounding testing styles and how testers typically fit into one pattern or the other or combination of more some times (or checkout this thought-provoking tweet series by Michael Bolton).  In over eight years of hands-on experience of testing, I have found myself to be of one kind (or maximum two) at a time and by the time I wish to change my hat (or style) it is usually almost the time to deploy the feature in production. Pity!

The point is, there is limit on how much versatile a tester can be in limited period of time for each story they test. Sure, it's not impossible but I would say it's not very easy either, given the time constraints. Now, imagine that we add "programmers" from team as other kinds of tester (based on their skills, expertise and experiences) working on same story. Do you not think it will most likely add more coverage to the quality of that feature, without having to spend really additional time on it? Do you not think that testing wisdom of a programmer would help tester and the team to ship quality product? I'm sure, now you do!

When I say programmers should contribute to testing, it does not have to be only in a way that they will need to test the software like testers do. Even if they develop the required mindset, it's already a good start. Indeed it will be great if they can test it but I feel that if they could at-least understand modern testing, it will greatly benefit the project teams. 

How exactly programmers can learn to test and start off with it, or how testers can help them to onboard with testing is another topic. It requires a dedicated post (more on that later). 

This post is about identifying programmers with testing mindset or skills that can help them test better, while you interview them. I recommend watching out for these skills/traits in interview:

1. Quest for Context

The scholar John von Neumann once said, "There's no sense being exact about something if you don't even know what you're talking about." In a world that is growing increasingly dependent on highly complex, computer-based systems, the importance of defining what you want to make before making it -- that is, knowing what you're talking about -- cannot be stressed enough. (Exploring Requirements: Quality before Design by Weinberg & Gause). 

Developing software is not just about writing a program that will do the stuff but it is more about building a product that your customer would like to use. In past, I have come across programmers who were excellent coders but failed to care enough about purpose of the program they used to write. I rarely see programmers questioning the user story beyond acceptance criteria and technical implementations if any (unfortunately, it's not very different for majority of testers either).

If I were to hire a programmer, I would expect him to ask Context Revealing questions. By that, I don't mean just questioning the business value of the user-story. There are things beyond that which matter. What if we find out that other team has worked on similar solution before? What if we could re-use some components developed by other teams?  What happens when particular feature development requires specific technology expertise and team does not have it? What happens when stakeholders' understanding of technical details defer from engineering team's? What if implementation of some solution requires tools not available with team or required access levels for that matter? 

Sure, one can eventually find these things out when they start working on the ticket but what's the point in findings things with accident and when it's already late? 

Programming interviews typically include coding challenge that typically gets assessed for candidate's technical skills, familiarity with known technological issues, understanding of best programming practices, problem solving skills etc. which are indeed important. However, I am yet to see a programmer being assessed for the kind of questions they asked before jumping on to the coding challenge itself.  See if they are questioning the very purpose of challenge, see if they question the business value, check if they ask about other elements of Project Environment and Product Elements for that matter.  And, please check if they ask questions about testing and Quality Criteria if nothing else. Most of the programmers I got to interview usually assumed that that there will be a tester in team who will QA their code. They just have to write the code and throw it in tester's bucket. You better watch for such kind if your team does not have a tester. 

Just like testing, good software development should be treated like an intellectual activity. The better one understands it the more ways one can contribute to product quality. And it all begins with asking questions. 

​2. Interactional Expertise 

If you are unfamiliar with the idea of Interactional Expertise, I suggest you start from understanding it first. Even better if you could read Tacit and Explicit Knowledge by Harry Collins.  I personally found it to be very useful learning when I was introduced to it by my friend Iain McCowatt. 

​The purpose of mentioning Interactional Expertise as a skill here is that, I find it to be very important skill when it comes to have technical discussions with non-technical people. Or, even when it is about having meaningful technical discussions in short period of time. 

Bringing up technical topic for discussion in planning meetings or grooming/estimation meetings is usually like opening the Pandora's box. Over the years, I have been a part of deep discussions in meetings with only conclusion of carrying them to next meeting or scheduling separate meeting for that. Then again, special meetings for explaining those technical things to non-technical people were required. Does that not sound familiar to you? 

I feel that spending so much time on deep discussions very often is unnecessary and it can be significantly controlled if all of us (not just programmers or testers) learn the skill of explaining things in short (and to the point) when needed without losing the substance of it or compromising with the impact an elaborated version would make. Same goes with explaining technical things to non-technical people. As techies, we can't expect the whole world to understand the language we speak (it would be nice if that happens though) but we can make things simple by learning the art of explaining those to other in language and context they would understand better. 

Added advantage would be when you onboard new members in team. Regardless of what role they are hired for, person's IE skills would help them onboard much better and the skill will definitely help for better collaboration and communication. In fact, when testers and programmers both have great interactional expertise then sessions like pair testing or programming will be super productive. Imagine what value it can add for Mob Programming and Mob Testing sessions. I have worked with some programmers who were master of explaining technical things to non-technical members of team as if they were putting a child to sleep by telling a story. Short, sweet and yet satisfying. That's what I mean by Interactional Expertise. 

Next time when you interview a programmer, look for these. It will help you. When I interview testers for it, I usually ask them to explain some technical concept in 50 words for example and again same concept in 100 words. It helps me analyse how good (or bad) they are with their Interactional Expertise. Asking programmers to write a technical bug report or user story can also be helpful trick to evaluate them for their IE. 
​
​3. Understanding of Testability 

May be I am wrong about it, but I honestly feel our industry still lacks required seriousness (and awareness) for building testable products. This is not just about programmers being unaware of it but even testers. 

The only times I hear of the word "test" in programmer interviews are when they talk about their unit tests or TDD or automated tests at the max. And it's a pity!

Building testable products is an important part of software development and it is important that programmers understand how to bake testability right from the beginning. Sure, skilled testers can certainly be advocates for testability but it won't hurt if programmers too understand what it means to them and how they can contribute to it. 

While interviewing programmer, I suggest you pay special attention to their solution if that demonstrates at-least few aspects of Intrinsic Testability as explained in ​Heuristics of Software Testability by James Bach. If not, at-least make an attempt to discuss other aspects of software testability (listed in the heuristics) with candidate in general and gauge their fitness for your requirement. 

For sure, the skills mentioned above are equally important for testers too but since "Whole Team Testing" thing is picking up, I wanted to make it explicit for traditional non-testers. Next time when you interview a programmer, please try and see if it helps. 

If we need technical testers, we also need programmers who understand testing. And that is reasonable to ask for, isn't it? 
   
Oh and by the way, I will be touching on some of the related topics in my talk for Online Testing Conference. Feel free to join if the topic interests you. 

​During my ET/SBTM workshops, I have been often asked if it is possible to perform Session Based Testing in typical Agile/DevOps environments.
 
I think if tester knows how to perform SBT (especially with different session types), there should be no trouble in doing it regardless of the development methodology their team follows. (If you are unaware of typical session types in SBTM, then I recommend you to checkout this informative series by my friend Simon ‘Peter’ Schrijver.) However, I understand that probably, the fast paced way of working through sprints, shipping small chunks of software regularly, keeps everyone mainly focused around achieving the sprint goal. And for testers, this often means focusing only on ‘acceptance criteria’ and moving on to the next ticket, which is waiting to be tested and deployed.  And that might force some testers to just forget every awesome technique they know and run behind getting “the stuff done”.
 
If you are a tester (sorry, Agile Tester) stuck in such situation and feel bad about it, then this post is for you. For a while, I too was stuck in similar situation. Not that I was not getting to perform ET in SBTM way, but I constantly felt something was missing and that there was still more I could do. A couple of important things were getting skipped off my typical sessions, and all I could do was procrastinate them. And that was bad, very bad! (yeh)
 
When I was done with feeling guilty about it, here is what I did (and I strongly recommend you too try it out). I created some more session types for myself some of which I perform twice a week and some I perform daily. And they have been helping me greatly so far. Well, what are they?

 
1. Critical Thinking Session 

I know, a good tester should think critically at every possible occasion. But there is no harm if you dedicate a special slot for it. How often do agile testers spend time on reading through backlog and preparing their notes in advance so that they know what to ask, know what extra information they would need for certain ticket or prepare a risk list associated with some ticket, to make everyone aware of it before it’s too late?
 
A dedicated ‘Critical Thinking’ session aims to solve this problem.  Schedule at-least two of such sessions, one before beginning of new sprint and one before your feedback/refining sessions so that you spend enough time for ‘critically thinking’ about stuff that would be soon on your plate. The sooner you prepare yourself with it, the better you will be able to shape your further sessions around actual testing of those items.
 
Medium sessions of roughly 60 minutes works great for me. Sometimes a short session of 45 mins is enough. The more you practice with Critical Thinking sessions and the more time you spend with applications you test, I guess you will eventually need lesser time for CT sessions.
 
In case you are wondering what I really mean by “Critically Thinking” about backlog items then please checkout “Mary Had A Little Lamb” heuristic by Jerry Weinberg or “Huh?Really?So?” by James Bach.
 
 
2. Monitoring Session 

Monitoring production logs especially after deployments has benefits of its own.  And if tester does it regularly then there is a lot they can discover through those logs.
 
If as a tester, you are not yet doing production deployments then I suggest you start doing it and make sure to check production logs (or logs on other environments for that matter). If for some reason, you do not own deployments then try to spend at-least one short session for monitoring your application’s production logs, every day. That’s what I mean by “Monitoring session”.
 
Because of such dedicated monitoring sessions, I have come across some elusive bugs that were hard to catch on testing environment. Production logs are also very interesting means to learn about different ways in which you can test your application against disfavored use or extreme use (refer HTSM by James Bach – SFDIPOT – Operations). Not only that, it can also help you identify some illusive integration level bugs which might not be caught easily otherwise.
 
Monitoring sessions can also help you identify technical bugs, errors or warnings, which might not be directly affecting the end user but still warrant attention and fixing. It’s hard to identify such issues in regular functional testing which usually has big scope of its own.
 
 
3. Bug-visit Session 

This session is about visiting the bugs in backlog and going through them carefully. Sometimes, over the period of time, some bugs become irrelevant or can also become important to be fixed on priority. Revisiting those bugs helps take appropriate action on time.
 
If there are bugs logged by other teams or customer care team for example, then they can also serve as a great ‘test ideas’ that can be extended to other features of application. Information gathered through such bug-visit sessions can help you create your own risk-list or project specific heuristic (I have explained that in detail with HEEENA).

4. Test for Testability Session

I can't stress enough on importance of this session, especially in this changing era of Software Development. One of the key role a skilled tester can play in modern software development is of "advocate of testability". Checkout this heuristic for Software Testability by James Bach.  Once you understand the dynamics of testability you will realise that the sooner you care for it (and advice where needed) the better testable product your team will create. If I am to give you an example, please check "stats for nerds" on youtube videos you watch. Would such information not help you if your product starts storing such information, that you as a tester can access easily and shape your tests based on that? 

I suggest you create the checklist for Intrinsic Testability in particular and test your design right from the beginning against it. Please dedicate a compulsory session (short should be good to begin with) for testability even before you get the build for testing against acceptance criteria. In fact, you could also pair with programmer or PO when they work on user stories that will latter come to you for independent testing. This in tern will help you as a tester to better test the product for session/charter you care for (and you won't get lost in figuring things out to help you test better). 

So, that’s about four additional session types I have created for myself to do even more effective SBTM in agile environment. I am finding them very useful and hope you too will benefit from them.

Feel free to get in touch if you have any questions or would like to discuss it further.
 
Happy Testing!
 
​Header image credit - blog.xebia.fr